General History
Istanbul, excavations at Yenikapi the port in accordance with the settlement of the last 8500 years, about 3 thousand of urban, historic capital of the continents of Europe and Asia, dating back to the year 1600 which is located at the intersection of a world city. Cities throughout the ages, has been home to various civilizations and cultures for centuries various religions, languages ??and races of people living together in a unique cosmopolitan and metropolitan mosaic structure preserved and has become the historical process. Power for long periods of time, and managed to become the center of each area, which is one of the world's few residential areas in Istanbul is the capital of the world from past to present.
Istanbul's historic main lines can be divided into five major periods:
- The prehistoric period
- The period of Byzantion
- Period of Constantinople
- Period of Constantinople
- Istanbul period
- Prehistoric Times
Back to Istanbul's historic three hundred thousand years ago. Excavations in the cave in the side of Lake Kucukcekmece The first traces of human culture have been found. During this period, believed that people live around the lake Neolithic and Chalcolithic. Excavations carried out at various times, Dudullu near the Lower Palaeolithic, wooded near, the Middle Palaeolithic and Upper Palaeolithic Age-specific tools have been found.
Founded period and Byzantium
London Underground tube passage in 2008 during excavations for the Marmaray 6500'lü BC Neolithic Age, put the city's remains were found during the years, Anatolian side of the Copper Age, the excavations continued Fikirtepe 5500-3500 BC were found in the ruins of the years . I found next to the remains of the Phoenicians in Kadikoy. Tracks of the city near the BC 13 and the 11th century King founded the city of centuries Lygos time Semistra Seraglio, an acropolis was established at the location of today's Topkapi Palace. From the Greeks founded a colony here in BC Megara'dan 685'te, the Byzantion was founded in 667 BC, King Byzas hükümsürdüğü. When the city is dominated by the Roman Empire, the city's name for a short time by the son of Septimius Severus was the name of Augusta Antonina, and then the Emperor Constantine was proclaimed the capital city of the Roman Empire. In the meantime, the city's name was changed to Nova Roma was adopted, and in 337 the Emperor Commuted the death of Constantine to Constantinople.
The Byzantine Empire Period
This period 324 - 1453 between the years covered. I. The capital of the Roman Empire after Constantine captured the city, the city was also the administrative center of eastern Rome. Roman population this period, considerable extent by Roman nobles, including increased migration. In this period the city is quite large, a new architectural structure. 100,000 people a hippodrome (Sultanahmet Square), as well as ports and water facilities have been built.
Although he says that the city Nova Roma during Konstantinus'un, 11 May 330 was the name of the city of Constantinople. The period of Constantine established the world's largest cathedral, the Hagia Sophia, 360, so the religion of the Roman Empire was changed to Christianity as well. Who believe in the religion of pagan Rome, the first break with the West began in this period. Although the Byzantine Empire I. Although he began with the death of Theodosius, the Byzantine Empire, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Christianity as he always was to bring his respect; 1453'deki than the name of the Emperor Constantine to the fall was a 10. The role of this period is quite stratejikti Istanbul, there was a door between Europe and Asia. On this occasion, commerce, culture and diplomacy of the one-center. During this period, the city's name "Poly" (city) happened.
Following the fall of the Western Roman in 476, the vast majority of the Western Roman Empire, the Romans emigrated here, and also the capital of the Byzantine Empire was in Istanbul. 543'de giving rise to the death of half the population after an outbreak of plague in the city of the Emperor Was built under the reign of Justinian.
700lü in the city were attacked by the Sassanids and the Avars, Bulgars and Arabs 800lü years, 900lü years, was attacked by the Russians and Bulgarians.
However, the attacks in 1204, was one of the most destructive. By the Crusaders; 4 The Crusade captured the city was sacked in 1204, the vast majority of the people fled from the city, the poor and became a city in rubble. The reason for this growing Latins in the West in Rome, the Catholic belief in Christianity with an understanding of the differences between Orthodox Christianity and inconsistencies Bizans'daki. After this period, Palailogos dynasty in 1261, Michael VIII Palaeologus had seized the city again and ended the period of Latin.
After this period, the Byzantine increasingly shrinking, was surrounded by the Ottoman Empire after 1391, was under the protection of the Ottoman Empire at the end of May 29, 1453. The conquest of Istanbul, history of the world symbolizes the end of the Middle Ages.
Late Byzantine Emperor Constantine savunuyordu.Suda very good even before the conquest of Istanbul burning Grejuva, sea voyages zorlaştırıyordu.Surların zorlaştırıyordu.Fakat 70-80% of the strength of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror to enter the city, has opened a new era in achieving difficult ...
Period of the Osmanli Empire
This period 1453 - 1923 included the years. May 29, 1453, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Mehmed II after a 53-day siege of the Istanbul was the capital of the Ottoman Empire 4th and last.
After the conquest of the Ottoman Empire, Topkapi Palace and the Grand Bazaar after the establishment opened many schools and hammam. People around the world and moved to the city of the Empire Jews, Christians and Muslims live together was a cosmopolitan society. Byzantine, old buildings and walls repaired. After 50 years of conquest, he became one of the largest cities in the world in Istanbul from the "Little Apocalypse" also known as, after the earthquake of September 14, 1509 in Istanbul (8 suggested that the severity of ); 45-day aftershock tremors thousands of buildings were destroyed and many people lost their lives.
In 1510, Sultan Mehmed II. Beyazıd; 80,000 people re-established in his work. Today, the vast majority of the existing works was this period. Mimar Sinan's mosques and other buildings built during Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, architecture and art were important issues. During the Tulip Period, the Grand Vizier Damad Ibrahim Pasha Nevşehirli since 1718; fire service founded, led and factories set up the first printing press. November 3, 1839 after the Tanzimat Declaration to accelerate the process of westernization period, there was a lot of innovations in the area.
Bridge over the Golden Horn, Karakoy tunnels, railways, maritime transport within the city, municipal organizations, the establishment of hospitals that became a modern city Istanbul, in 1894, again with a large earthquake damaged Üçyüzon. I. November 13, 1918 at the end of World War II, the Allies were to invade donanmasınca. 2500 years of Istanbul, the capital of the period ended October 29, 1923.
Byzantine and Ottoman records, in order to obtain the siege of Istanbul in 1402, Yıldırım Bayezid raised, according to the agreement made ??conditional on the establishment of a Turkish quarter in accordance with the Sirkeci Goynuk and Manav Taraklı'dan 760 households were placed in Istanbul. So the first domestic Turks placed in Istanbul, this region was confirmed by sources as to the Sellers. The origin of the Anatolian side of groceries, especially the Turks.
The Republican Period
Physical progress after the Republic was between the years 1923-1950. The population of one million in the early 1900s, 690 000 1927, fell to, 740 000 in 1935 and again in 1945 to 900,000 reached. In the 1950s the city migrated to the Balkans during this period, urbanization, slums to the fore appears. Next to the slums in the 1960s, began to apartment blocks. Housing and transportation problems in the 1970s with the rapid population growth in importance. As a result of the increasing number of automobile traffic increased during this period, and was instrumental in making the Bosphorus Bridge and public transport was an important point. A radius of 50 kilometers from the center of the metropolitan area of ??Istanbul between the years of 1970-1975, while in 1980, reached a radius of 60 kilometers. Population growth in the mid-1990s, which resulted in the spread of the population and as a result of external parties, with the arrival of insufficient İETT tried to close this gap by taxis and minibuses. Construction activities, but not with the speed of the '70s revived the old city of Bosphorus Bridge was opened in 1973.
Art
The city changed hands several times, destroyed as the city, the most important of the Roman Empire Period kalmadı.Kalanlar more structure: the Emperor in 330 Monument erected in honor of one of the seven hills of the city of Constantine. The column weight of 3 tons each and a total of 8 pieces of 3 meters in diameter, connected to each other column in the bracelets, and placing on top of a pedestal was created. Valens aqueduct in another building from this period have survived. Emperor Hadrian began construction in the city's water supply system. I. Constantine with the expansion of the city's reconstruction and further expansion of the system to meet the needs of the rapidly growing population was needed. Belt, water Kağıthane and the Sea of ??Marmara and Thrace between the slopes of the hills reaching up to the hilly parts of the city to meet the water requirements of the city was the end point of the system wide belts and channels. At that time the water came to the city, with a total capacity of 1 million cubic meters more than one hundred three open and Basilica Cistern stored underground cistern. Today known as the Hippodrome Square, Sultanahmet Square was built by the Circus Maximus.
Eastern Empire
Eastern Roman Empire ruled the city as much as a thousand years and used it as the capital of here. Because of this property in Istanbul has numerous Eastern Roman structure. The most important of these were collected in Eminonu. The most important of these structures, the church opened as the Hagia Sophia Museum. Saint Sophia Eastern Roman Emperor A.D. by Justinian 532-537 patriarch's cathedral, a basilica was built between the years and in 1453 was converted into a mosque in Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmet conquered by the Turks, and today serves as a museum. After the Hagia Sophia is one of the most important buildings in Fethiye Camisi'di. As a church, 13 at the end of century, was built by the East Roman notables Michael Glabas Tarkaniotes. was used as a patriarchate in 1454 after the conquest of Istanbul, in 1590, the conquest of Iran war in Georgia and Azerbaijan, as a reminder of the conquest was transformed into a mosque. Gene Kariye Museum's most important buildings of the monastery as the Eastern Roman Emperor in 534 St. Justinian era was done by Theodius. 11. I. century Doukaina his mother Maria was built by Alexios again. Latin Empire in the years 1204-1261, which devastated the monastery, by Theodoros Metokhites 14 century repaired. Structure of the outer narthex and Parekklesion added during this period.
The Osmanli Empire
Made numerous works during the imperial period. House Type 19 century has been coming from the West. Living in the past half a century, and who as Chief Architect Sinan asrını made ??these works. 81 mosques, 50 mosques, 55 madrasas, 19 tombs, 14 hospices, three hospitals, seven water dam (dam), 8 bridges, 16 caravanserais, 33 palaces, 32 baths, 6 cellars, 7 d'arulkurrâ. This 441 works are scattered throughout the Empire. In 1839, with the proclamation of the Tanzimat Edict was taken important steps towards Europeanisation. Ottoman Empire in the 18th Towards the end of the century, and it has adopted the European style of architecture and art reflected. Construction work is widespread in Europe uygunlanmıştır a lot of baroque style in Istanbul. The baroque and rococo style Dolmabahce Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace and Ortakoy Mosque is an important place in the world for this kind of.
Geography
Istanbul 41 ° N, 29 ° E is located at coordinates. Catalca West Peninsula on the east, consists of Kocaeli Peninsula. The North Sea, in the south of the Sea of ??Marmara and the Bosporus city center, depending on the northwest palace of Tekirdağ to the west due to Tekirdag Cerkezkoy, Tekirdag, Corlu, Tekirdag, Tekirdag southwest M.Ereglisi connected to the northeast of Kocaeli Kandra, the east, the Gulf of Kocaeli, Gebze districts adjacent to the south-east of Kocaeli. Istanbul forming yarımadalardan Catalca Europe, the Asia The main lands Kocaeli. The city is in the middle of the Bosphorus combines these two continents. Straits of the Bosphorus and Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge connects the two sides of the city. Through the Strait of Istanbul and the Golden Horn, in the northwest of Turkey to surround.
Geology
Istanbul, located anywhere near the North Anatolian Fault Zone, extends from northern Anatolia from the Marmara Sea. Two of the Eurasian and African tectonic plate movement repel each other and that is causing the fault. This is due to the fault line very severe earthquakes have occurred throughout the history of the region. Big Istanbul Earthquake that occurred in 1509 is the biggest example of this. This earthquake in Istanbul, 100 mosques were destroyed and 10 thousand people to lose their lives. Earthquake in 1766, the Topkapi Palace, Hagia Sophia, took great damage to structures such as Eyup Sultan Mosque and the Grand Bazaar. Earthquake in 1999 18 thousand people died in puddles, and many people were rendered homeless. Sismolojistler, an earthquake of magnitude 7 may indicate that before the year 2025.
Climate
The climate of Istanbul, the Black Sea with the Mediterranean climate, the climate is climate of an in-between, so the climate is mild in Istanbul.
Istanbul summers are hot and humid, winters are cold, rainy and sometimes snowy. Caused by moisture in the air is hotter than hot, cold felt colder than that. The average temperature in winter is around 2 ° C to 9 ° C and is usually seen in the rain and sleet. Snow also falls. In winter, snow can fall a week or two. The average temperature in summer is around 18 ° C and 28 ° C and is usually seen in the rain and flooding.
The hottest months are July and August, and the average temperature is 23 ° C, and the months of January and February are the coldest months the average temperature is 5 ° C. 13.7 degrees, the average temperature of the year in Istanbul.
Total annual precipitation is 843.9 mm and throughout the year. 38% of the winter precipitation in spring, 18%, 13% summer, 31% fall mevsimindedir. Summer in the dry season, but there is no dry season contrary to the Mediterranean climate. Istanbul has attracted thirst until 1994, but there is no shortage of water of any measures taken. One of them is Melen project.
So far, the highest air temperature, 40.5 ° C was recorded as July 12 2000. The lowest air temperature, -16.1 ° C was recorded as 9 February 1929.
The city is pretty windy, the wind is the average speed of 17 km per hour.
Natural Life
Plant community that has a very rich region of İstanbul and boxwood, oak, sycamore, beech, hornbeam, maple, chestnut, pine, spruce and cypress up to 2500 plant species, such as grows. A part from these plants are endemic to this region. Generally, forming forests of trees, Istanbul, northeast, north and Polenezköy seen around Alemdag beech, chestnut and oak handle. Addition to the effect of climate, soil has the effect of vegetation. Areas where communities are covered with calcareous beech forest soils, oak and chestnut soils kireçsizdir this community. With natural plant species, around 2500 in Istanbul, this feature alone can leave behind European countries such as the UK state. It is also more than ten thousand plants that grow naturally in Turkey, about 1/4 'reputation is shelter in Istanbul, and some of these plants are endemic, that is, all over the world live only in Istanbul. Istanbul crocus (Crocus olivieri subsp. Istanbulensis) are examples of these endemic plants.
Istanbul, which was rich in animal life, kızılgeyik, roe deer, fallow deer, wild boar, wild cat, jackal], and the fox can be found in mammals. However, Istanbul is located on a major bird migration routes in spring and autumn of each storks, eagles, falcons, and various bird species can be observed. Istanbul is the most widely distributed birds sparrows, pigeons, doves, crows, and now become a symbol of the city from the gull.
City Structure
There are a total of 39 district of Istanbul. 25 of these districts on the European side and 14 on the Anatolian side. Istanbul's districts are divided into three main regions:
The old historical peninsula of Istanbul, Fatih and Eminönü (Eminönü and Fatih district of the town is connected to a law in 2008. Nowadays, the peninsula is the district of Fatih.) 15 Istanbul of the Century, respectively. The north coast of this region there are, the Golden Horn. Extends from the western walls of Istanbul. Forms the southern boundary of the Sea of ??Marmara sea. Located in the east entrance of the Bosphorus.
Beyoğlu and Beşiktaş districts in the north of the Golden Horn is of great importance in history. Last Kabataş'dadır Dolmabahce Palace, the palace of the Ottoman Sultans. Such as Ortaköy and Bebek along the shores of the Strait of Istanbul is followed each other in the old neighborhoods. Luxury residences throughout the city, which continued for two yakasındada sore available.
Üsküdar (ancient Chrysopolis) and Kadıköy (ancient Chalcedon) a city in ancient times, while the districts of Istanbul, the town changed over time, have become. Anatolian side of Istanbul's oldest districts. Today, many modern residential areas and business is of great importance in terms of area. The city is home to one third of the population.
When you go to the west and to the north of Istanbul's historic district is a big difference. The highest skyscrapers and office buildings, especially in the European Yakası'da Levent and Maslak Mecidiyeköy collecting, draws attention to the Asian side of the district of Kadıköy district Kozyatagi. 20. century, the rapid growth of the city, has led to the start of a large scale migration from east to west. Thus, a large slum in the city has gained momentum. The treasury or private land illegally, these buildings are made as soon as possible and low quality. Located between the major cities of Turkey, Ankara and Izmir these structures are common. Slums are unplanned urbanization leads to a great extent.
Urbanization
Istanbul's city structure and shape is constantly changing. Greek, Roman and Byzantine periods in the historical peninsula of Constantinople along, Galata (after the name of Pera. Beyoglu), Chalcedon (Kadıköy), and Chrysopolis'te (Üsküdar) there has been a significant renewal and growth. In ancient times, a current independent şehirdiler all districts of Istanbul. Today, Istanbul, the former Constantinople, can be regarded as state of the metropolitan. Because the city expanded and updated since then.
In recent years the very high building structures made ??taking into consideration the rapid population growth. Due to rapid expansion of the city's housing, often out of town right on track. That the city had the highest high-rise office and residential buildings, located on the European side Levent and Maslak districts Mecidiyeköy collected. Levent and Etiler collected from many shopping centers. An important part of Turkey's largest companies and banks are located in this region.
20. From the second half of the century, summer houses and luxury villas close to the sea, especially the construction of the Anatolian side has been accelerated. The width and length of the Baghdad district of Kadikoy Street hosts many shopping malls and restaurants. These developments have contributed to the positive development of the region. Collar also occurred in recent years, the biggest factor in the growth of population migration from Anatolia. Today, the European side of Istanbul, about 66% of the people live.
Management
The mayor still in office in Istanbul, Kadir Topbaş. If the governor Huseyin Avni Mutlu'dur city.
Istanbul, to deal with the party system is governed by the presidents. This form of government since its establishment in April 3rd 1930, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality continues. All decision-making authority of the municipality of the city holds. Were collected from three main organs of the city administration. 1. The Mayor (elected every 5 years.), 2 Metropolitan Council, 3 Metropolitan Board of Directors.
Today's Fatih district of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Building is located in known as Sarachane. The building was completed in December 17, 1953, began to serve as the town hall on May 26, 1960.
Population Structure
Turkey Statistical Institute (TSI), prepared by the year 2011 Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) According to the results of Istanbul (Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and its population within the boundaries of municipalities), the total population of 13,483,052 people.
14 on the Anatolian side of Istanbul, the town has a total of 39, including 25 European Side. According to the 39th district of Istanbul, the year 2011 is analyzed in terms of the number of population in the region with the highest population Bagcilar (746 650), at least in the town with a population of Islands (13 883) respectively. 64.61% of those living in Istanbul 's (8712689) European Side, 35.38%' s as well (4,770,363) lives in the Anatolian side.
Religion
So many people like most of the world metropolis of Istanbul is shaped by the community. Islam is the religion with the largest member of the city. Religious minorities in the Greek Orthodox Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews are. According to the 2000 census, 2.691 active mosques, 123 active churches, has 26 active synagogues. In addition, the Muslim cemetery of 109, 57, are non-Muslim cemetery. Before the decrease in the number of very specific religious minorities living in these districts. For example, the Armenian population of Kumkapi, the Jewish population of Balat and Fener had the Greek population. I. spiritual leader of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Bartholomew, located in the district of Fatih Lantern. It forms a major part of the patriarchate, Orthodox Christianity, religion, sect center.
Muslims
The city's largest religious group are Muslims. In addition, Muslims are Sunnis form the most populous sect, the sect is nüfusça takibende Alevis. According to the 2007 census, the city that the total number of mosques 2.994 percent, respectively. Istanbul, the Islamic Caliphate was the last center. Yavuz Sultan Selim in 1517, starting with the caliphate, March 3, 1924 ended with Abdulmecit in. Dervish lodges closed in September 2, 1925, order is prohibited. Thus, the country's secular system has been started and Istanbul provinces most affected by this change. Presidency of Religious Affairs was established immediately after the abolition of the Caliphate. Şeyhülislamlar the highest authority of the Ottoman Empire's Religious Affairs, the President left the place.
Christianity
City 4 since the eighteenth century was the center of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate and other Orthodox churches continue to serve as the center. At the same time, the city, the Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate and the Armenian Patrikhanesi'ninde the center of Istanbul. This time, the location was in the old Bulgarian Orthodox Churches Piskopsluğu left in the foreground. Particularly the Greeks and Armenians living in Istanbul, during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Turks have lived in conflicts from time to time, but the order was re-established with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Due to the wars between the years 1914 and 1927 a rapid decline in the population of Christians living in the city than 450,000, 240,000, fell to. In 1923, the Greek Orthodox community in Istanbul Turkey-Greece Population Mübadelesi'den exempt. However, the years of the Second World War, taxes were a number of this minority. (see Wealth Tax) Greek minorities destruction and looting that occurred in 1955, which is the movement of September 6-7 from 30 to 11 deaths and 300 people injured were Greeks. This event sonucundada Istanbul, Greece, and 12,000 Greek citizenship was quickly increased immigration.
Conquest by the Ottomans in Istanbul, along with a multi-church, a mosque translated. Little Hagia Sophia Mosque, Mosque Fenari Jesus, the Arab Mosque, Istanbul's old buildings, such as Kocamustafapaşa Hyacinth Efendi Mosque kiliselerdendir translated into a mosque after the expiry of the Ottoman domination. This is the biggest and most important mosques in the Eminönü district of Fatih Ayasofya. Worship in Hagia Sophia closed and the Council of Ministers with the approval of Ataturk's request dated November 24, 1934 and 7/1589 converted into a museum in its resolution.
Jews
Sephardic Jews live in the city for over 500 years. The current population is about 22.000 Jews in Istanbul. Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardic Jews is a small community in a relatively new, and much more. Jews, synagogues, places of worship. The number of active synagogue in the city is 20. This is the one who carries the largest synagogues in Neve Shalom Synagogue, which is located in Karakoy Beyoglu district. Has the largest congregation in the synagogue was opened for worship in 1951. Sephardic Ladino language is the language of the Jews (Jewish Spanish) spoken by people over the age of 65, even now konuşulamamaktadır well perceived by the Jews under the age of 65. Therefore, Ladino is a serious danger of extinction.
Economy
Istanbul, Turkey's largest city and former political capital. To be a crossroads of land and sea trade routes, and has been the center of economic life in Turkey due to its strategic location. The city is also the largest industrial center. Meets 20% of Turkey's industrial employment. Industry has an area of ??approximately 38%. In this area in Istanbul and surrounding counties, fruits, olive oil, silk, cotton, and tobacco products, such as is obtained. Also the food industry, textile production, oil products, rubber, metal ware, leather, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, glass, technological products, machinery, automotive, transport vehicles, paper and paper products, and alcoholic beverages, are among the city's major industrial products . According to a survey by Forbes magazine's 35 billionaires as of March 2008, the city has a world ranking was fourth. Debenture Stock Exchange in Istanbul Dersaadet first entered service in 1866, replacing the existing structure present at the beginning of 1986 the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) was opened. 19. and 20 century, which is located in the Galata was the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, Banks Street. In this region, the central bank of the Ottoman Empire, the Bank-ı Osmani (1856, 1863 and then again from modifying the Imperial Ottoman Bank-I) [88] and the Ottoman Stock Exchange were found. Banks Street until 1990, but it remained to be the center of finance and economics of innovation as a result of the start of the movement have been areas of modern business centers, Levent and Maslak. In 1995, ISE, Sarıyer Istinye moved to its current building in the neighborhood.
Today, Istanbul, Turkey has 55% of production and 45% of the volume of trade. 21.2% of GNP in the country 'forms part of. 45.2% of total exports, while the share of imports 52.2%, respectively.
Tourism
Istanbul's history, monuments and works of art excess, due to its popular tourist destination and the Bosphorus. The largest share belongs to the Germans among tourists. Germans, Russians, Americans, Italians and French tracks. In 2011, the city has 8 million 58 thousand tourists. Possible to find hotels in Istanbul, to suit every budget. 5 star chain hotels, boutique hotels, family-run hotel is situated far more than 1180. In recent years, has made a name chain hotels around the world show great interest in Istanbul.
Training
Thirty-one to twenty-four foundations in Istanbul, seven state universities. Public education institutions, especially the most respected and best equipped üniversitelerindendir. However, in recent years has been an increase in the number of private universities. Two of three of the oldest public universities in Turkey in Istanbul. Istanbul University, founded in 1453 and is the oldest university in Turkey. Istanbul Technical University (1773) is the third oldest technical university in the world and fully dedicated to engineering sciences. Other government recognized universities in Istanbul, Bogazici University, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Yildiz Technical University and Marmara University. In addition, three of the country's oldest universities in four foundations of this city. They are established in 1992, Kadir Has University and Koç University.
Universities providing education in Istanbul:
- State: Bogazici University, Galatasaray University, Istanbul University, Istanbul Technical University, Marmara University, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, University of Civilization
- Foundation: Acibadem University, Bahcesehir University Beykent University, Dogus University, the University, the Golden Horn University, Isik University, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul Science University, Istanbul Kemerburgaz University, Istanbul Kultur University, City University of London , Istanbul Commerce University, Kadir Has University, Koç University, Maltepe University, Okan University, Özyeğin University, Piri Reis University, Sabanci University, Yeditepe University, the University of New Century. Nisantasi University, the University of Uskudar
Almost all private high schools and universities in Istanbul in English, French and German are the main foreign language or a secondary foreign language education. Galatasaray High School, established in 1481 Galata Palace Enderun-u Hümayunu adılya. Galatasaray School-i Sultanisi later renamed the city's oldest high school, but the second oldest institution of education.
Galatasaray High School and the front garden.
Istanbul High School (1884) better known as the Istanbul Boys' High School, the oldest high schools in the international arena is one of the well-known.
Cağaloğlu Anatolian High School, (formerly London Girls' High School) in 1850, the first Was established at the request of Sultan Abdülmecid on Bezmiâlem mother of the Ottoman Empire has the title of the first civilian high school. First, the names of Darülmaarif have validated School, and then, between the years of 1911-1933 for Girls Senior High School (boys high school teachers), between the years of 1933-1983 served as the first school for girls, Girls' High School in Istanbul, took its current form in 1983.
District of Üsküdar Çengelköy Military High School is the only military high school of the city.
Nisantasi Anatolian High School (1905), İngilizce High School for Boys as members of the British community in particular in order to give their children a healthy education and the current name was connected to the Ministry of Education in kurulmuştur.1979.
Kadıköy Anatolian High School (1955), better known as the old and the Ministry of Education College of Kadikoy, Turkey Cumhurriyeti'nin well-established and recognized around the world is one of the elite high schools. In short, the Ministry of Education or the KAL is known as Kadıköy. National Achievement Award Education is the first and only academic institution in Kadikoy, Istanbul Technical University, and at the same time as the most successful in sending students to the school is the winner of the prize RAGIP CIRCUIT.
One type of high school education in Turkey, Kadıköy Anatolian High School, Anadolu High Schools within the group, Beşiktaş Atatürk Anatolian High School, Pertevniyal High School, Stone High School in Turkey and the world-renowned liselerdendir. 19 due to the presence of many foreign minority in Istanbul century, increased foreign high schools. After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education was managed by many foreign schools. However, some schools still under foreign rule. Private Italian School, managed by the Italian government and the Italian government schools are considered. Also provided funding and teachers from Rome to the capital requirement. Founded in 1863, Robert College and many other schools are among them.
Istanbul, most of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods has extensive collections of the library containing a large number of. The most important libraries in terms of historic document collections, Topkapi Palace Library, Istanbul Archeology Museum Library, Beyazit State Library, the Süleymaniye Library, Istanbul University Library and the IMM ', depending on what serves as the Atatürk Library.
Health
Istanbul is a large number of hospitals, clinics and laboratories medical research center in the country. Many of these facilities have high technology equipment. This has the effect of opportunities, medical tourism, and the city is moving very fast in this area. So much so that low-income patients in Western European countries such as Britain and Germany, high-tech medical treatment and operations sends to Istanbul. Istanbul especially laser ophthalmology (eye surgery) and plastic surgery has become a global one stop.
Air pollution is a major problem, especially for health care in the city. Increase in private vehicles and public transport is slow and inadequate increases this problem. For this issue, the use of unleaded gasoline in January 2006 was scheduled only.
Old Building
The systems to meet the water requirements of the city dates back to the period of the city's founding. Two of the most important aqueduct, built during the Roman period and the Valens Aqueduct Aqueduct Mazul (Valens Aqueduct), respectively. Founded during the city's need for water, was provided from underground sources. The first major water facilities were made during the Roman period. Roman İmparatorları'ndan Valens, Ring decided to bring the vicinity of the water and this water to the path of Beyazit Mazul Arch Valens built the Kemer. A dam was built in the time of Valens Belgrade Forests also. Kagithane Stream waters used to supply water for the city grills collected.
Gather a variety of the city's water reservoirs were collected. This is the largest and most important of cisterns Binbirdirek Cistern (Philoxenos), and Basilica Cistern. Water shortages as a result of the increasing population in the city again began to retreat, in order to solve this problem by Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent on it "Ser-i-Jahan and Mühendisan-i Devran architect," he commissioned Mimar Sinan ma'ruf. Thus, the construction was started in 1555 was Kırkçeşme Water Plants. In later years, the need for water, and the people as a result of the request, a small supply şebekleriyle fountains began to be open to the public.
Today, chlorination of water, waste water treatment, disinfection and distribution services such as ISKI (Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration) are carried out. In addition, some private institutions engaged in the distribution of clean water. If the distribution and maintenance of electricity in Istanbul Turkey Electricity Transmission Company By maintained. In the first electricity production plant in the city, which was established in 1914 and serving until 1983 Electricity Central.
October 23, 1840 in the Ottoman Empire in the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, was established as a result of the developments with the Edict of Tanzimat. The first post office, office courtyard of the Yeni Mosque yakınlarındaydı the Imperial Post Office. First International was founded in 1876, and in 1901 began the adoption of processes such as the transfer type and cargo. Patented the telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1847. Samuel Morse's invention of the new, the old Beylerbeyi Palace (Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861-1865 years later in the same place.) Abdulmecit has been tested by the Sultan himself. Following this successful test, installation of first telegraph line between Istanbul and Edirne began in August 9, 1847. Telegraph Administration was established in 1855, May 23, 1909 yılındada the first manual telephone exchange with a capacity of 50 lines in Sirkeci began to serve as Grand Post Office.
Important Venues
Istanbul City Walls
The walls surround the 7th time in Istanbul Starting century, built, collapses and re-yapmalarla was sold four times. Latest production, A.D. 408 later. II. Theodosius I (408-450) time Seraglio walls along the Golden Horn in Istanbul and the Marmara coast along this way Ayvansaray pleading, Yedikule Topkapi, Topkapi Ayvansaray stretched. Length 22 km from the city walls., Respectively. 5.5 km from the walls of the Golden Horn., Road 6.5 km., 9 km from the Marmara Walls., Respectively.
Black walls consists of three parts. Ditch the outer wall and inner wall. Today ditches are used for agriculture. Sura adjacent and 50 m. intervals on the land walls, many of them destroyed 96 towers are cracked. These bushings, offset by 10 meters across from the walls, mostly square and 25 meters high.
The Dolmabahçe Palace
Dolmabahçe Palace, Karaköy between Besiktas and Kabatas Sarıyer section of coastline stretching of the Marmara Sea, the Bosphorus left of the entrance by the sea on the beach, located opposite the palace of Üsküdar. Taken in the area of ??the sea where the resulting filling is named for the Dolmabahçe. Has been financed by external funds for the construction.
Dolmabahce Palace, today the area where up to four centuries of Ottoman Kaptan-ı Derya'sının vessels anchored in the Bosporus was a great select Set. Dolmabahce palace still maintains its old beauty. This bay where the traditional naval ceremonies gradually became a swamp. 17. Put century began to be filled, for the recreation and amusement of the sultans held a "imperial park" converted. A collection of kiosks and pavilions in this garden at various times, for a long time was known as Besiktas waterfront palace.
Golden Horn (Haliç)
Beylerbeyi Palace
Beylerbeyi palace between 1861-1865 by Sultan Abdulaziz in place a wooden seaside palace was built by Sarkis Balyan. Beylerbeyi Palace which was constructed as a summer palace, located somewhere throat monitor. The palace, although not too large, dazzling with beautiful embroidery. The palace architecture, influenced by European architecture, although typical Ottoman decorations can be seen quite easily. Inside the palace there is colorfully decorated with glazed tiles used in Europe getirlen furniture and valuables. Draws attention to the ceiling and walls of the palace, especially the pictures of the ship.
Topkapi Palace
Topkapi Palace in Istanbul and the oldest and the largest palaces in the world to survive to the present day. The location, the Golden Horn, the Bosphorus and the Sea of ??Marmara, Istanbul, which is the first settlement on the acropolis. The end point of the triangle on the historic Istanbul peninsula, 5 km long surrounded by walls, is a complex occupies an area of ??700,000 m2. This feature is reminiscent of the palace with a very small city in the Topkapi Palace, is used for more than 500 years. Later the sultan, and moved to the newly built Dolmabahçe Palace, the palace has been neglected for a long time. Palace of the Republic gets back to its former splendor thanks to the restoration period. There are currently used as a museum artefacts are created at the Sultan palace. Museum collection of the most valuable parts of Muhammad's cloak, female, sword footprint and be counted. These objects in the Cairo getirlmiştir Yavuz Sultan Selim. Another valuable piece of diamond, the world-famous Spoonbill. Topkapi Dagger other valuable items on display in the museum.
Yıldız Palace
Yıldız Palace Sultan Ahmed III for the first time. Sultan Selim Mihrişah built for his mother, the Ottoman Sultan II. Was used as the main palace of the Ottoman Empire in the period of Abdulhamid, a palace located in the Beşiktaş district today. In case of a single building, such as Dolmabahce Palace, but rises to the northwest from the coast of the Sea of ??Marmara to the line of the back garden and woodland covering the entire hillside settled into the palaces, mansions, management, preservation, collection of service buildings and parks.
Ciragan Palace
Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, located on the historic palace, Ciragan Caddesi. Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, the palaces and mansions of the most beautiful places were reserved for the sultans and important. Over time, many of them were destroyed. A large Ciragan palace was burned in 1910. At an earlier wooden palace was built in 1871 by Sultan Abdulaziz palace architect Serkis Balyan. It cost 4 million over four years under the partition wall and the roof of the structure of wood, the walls were covered with marble. Richly decorated columns are examples of stone work, completed by spaces. The rooms precious carpets and furniture gilded and decorated with mother of pearl pen works. Like other palaces of the Bosphorus Ciragan had been the site of many important meetings. Decorated with colorful marble facades, monumental gates connected with a bridge had to Yıldız Palace. Surrounded by high walls on the street side. Remains standing in ruins for many years has been a great revival at the end of repairs, along with additional plug-ins five-star, converted at a beautiful beach. Garden decorative pool, a pier and has a helipad. Today hosts many social activities.
Galata Tower
In the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul Galata tower was built in 528. A panoramic view of the city can be traced from the tower. It was built by the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius. Then, in 1204, to a large extent destroyed Schedules 4.Haçlı as the Tower of Christ in 1348 by the Genoese Galata tower walls, in addition to re-done. Today we live in one of the rooms of the tower next to the Galata Square.
No comments:
Post a Comment