Ankara, the capital city of the Republic of Turkey, Ankara Province, center, of Turkey and the world's second most populous city in the thirty-eighth most populous. Large part of the territory of the Central Anatolia Region is located in the Sakarya section. Is close to the geographical center of Turkey, both the location and function are at the heart of Turkey analogy. The population of the city, which has an average altitude of 938 meters, according to the census of 2011, 4,890,893 'stop.
The known history of at least 10 thousand years ago, the Old Stone Age, reaching Ankara, Hatti, Hittite, Phrygian, Lydian, Achaemenid (Persians), Macedonians, Galatians (Celts), Romans, Seljuks and Ottomans hosted, Western and Eastern civilizations host made. In the past, Galatians, and after a long Tektosaglara Phrygians, which served as the capital city, which is the capital of Turkey since 1923.
Etymology
The Phrygian language and the Greek Ἄγκυρα (pronounce: Anküra), ship anchor means. According to some legends, Ankara, Phrygian King Midas anchor of a ship is found. Alexander the Great in 333 BC, when Anküra'ya was recorded during the Eastern campaign. 2. in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations and Ankara-century ship's anchor figures are some of the coins.
Phrygians, Galatians and Romans, the city's name is known as Ἄγκυρα, Ankyra Western sources, and Ancyra in Latin letters as passed.
The city's name, after the arrival of the Turks in Anatolia, Ankara has changed as Engürü and Engüriye. In Western languages as Angora passed. 16. century Ottoman various official papers Ankara (انقره) is mentioned.
State of the Republic of Turkey, 28 March 1930, the Turkish cities of foreign countries made an official request for the use of Turkish names. After this date, addressed letters to the post office in Ankara Angora ulaştırmadı. Thus, over time the name was universalized in Ankara.
History
Ankara, Turkey, Sakarya River on the eastern edge of the plain was passed in Ankara Stream feeding. Rod Plain, a fertile agricultural area surrounding the city. Ankara Citadel and the slopes of the steep slopes of the hill that was established later in history maneuvering area protected against enemy attacks. Bentderesi'nin narrow valley, Ankara Citadel, where the volcanic ridge, the steep edge of the plateau overlooking the plain, separating the military very important time. The exact date of establishment is not known, the city known historic Old Stone Age (ca. 2 million BC - BC 10 th) dates back to. Gâvurkale various works of this period, Ergazi, LODUMLU and Maltepe found.
Hatti and Hittite
The first known inhabitants of Ankara, between 2500-1700 BC, who established a civilization in the Anatolian peninsula Hattilerdir all. In cases where more than a knowledge of city-states and the rights of Hatti and Hittite at the time was ruled by the Hittites cremated. However, the language of Hatti, Hittite civilization heavily influenced by religion and art of Anatolia, also known as the land of Hatti remained for nearly 17 centuries.
With a tribe of Indo-European Hittites (1660-1190 BC), Anatolia came through the straits. Dates of the Hittites migrated to Anatolia, is uncertain. Ankara and campuses around the ruins of the Hittite period, Balikhisar, Ballıkuyumcu, Bitik, Karaoğlan, Gâvurkale and Kültepe mounds. The 2nd Towards the end of the millennium, and the location of the collapse of the Hittites, Phrygians has left politically.
Phrygians and Lydians
The 2nd region at the end of the millennium, there was a rapidly growing town of Phrygia. 29 km from the capital of the Kingdom of Phrygian Gordion ruins of the city located in the northwest of Polatlı. In the area of Yassıhöyük, Gordion, the Phrygian King Midas, the most brilliant period of time (725-675 BC) lived. Ankara, the Phrygians Yumurtatepe Tumulus located between the place where the remains of the period of its establishment, the settlement periods, although a very important strategic point is thought to be. Phrygians, in the 700s BC, was eliminated by the Cimmerians from the Caucasus.
From the late Bronze Age in Anatolia and Western Anatolia, and has been living with Phrygian Lydian, Phrygian, including the disappearance of the Red River region to take the opportunity seized Ankara. The 7th century, became dominant in Anatolia and ruled 140 years. Lydian coin is considered to have invented. The Lydians in Anatolia in the advanced market economy, crop production, animal husbandry, olive oil and wine production progressed. The city of Ankara in Central Anatolia, is located on the main access road has been benefiting from these developments. The Lydians and Persians fought Medlerle neighbors, the Achaemenid Persian ruler Cyrus the Great in 547 BC and the Red River in the arch of the stage of history wiped them losing their battle.
Achaemenid Persians and Alexander the Great
Persians, BC, Anatolia was dominated from 545'ten, put an end to the culture of Anatolia, Helen. The 5th century, Herodotus, the Persian Empire, the army, the Royal Road, Ankara used as a line of commerce and mail the author passed. King's Road starts in Ephesus, Sardis, Lydia of, the Gordian, Ankyra and Kızılırmak'tan passing through Cappadocia, Cilicia, and from there across the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, reaching the city of Susa Assyria. The city during this period, an important center of trade and accommodation.
Ankara, the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC by Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia were included. Alexander the Great, 334-333 BC, winter, cut the famous Gordion Gordion Node, spent the spring waiting for the Persians in Ankara. Ankara Anatolia is one of the junctions, moving here in the Macedonian troops seized many cities in the surrounding. 323'te BC, Alexander the Great died of the city into the hands of Antigonos ago, after the death of Lysimachus fell into the hands of Antigonos. Lydia Lysimachus after the defeat of the Seleucid passed into the hands Kurupedion War. Hellenic civilization spread to Anatolia during this period again.
Galatians
Indo-European is a Celtic warrior tribe of Galatians, leaving their homeland in Central and Western Europe, the Rhine-Danube basin between the years 278-189 BC, the three tribes migrated to Anatolia. Settled in the territory of Phrygia and Galatia, Cappadocia, the statement said. Included all of present-day provinces of Ankara and Kirikkale Galatia. Ankara, Galatians Tektosaglar the 3rd longitudinal century was the capital. Strabo, the famous work Geographika'da, Ankara Citadel was built by Tektosaglar says. Later, Emperor of Rome establishing political unity in the region FILIUS Divi Augustus Caesar, in 25 BC conquered Ankara.
The Roman Empire
Ankara, the capital of the Roman Empire province of Galatia Prima. 2. century, was the Emperor Hadrian in the metropolitan city.
3. the social and economic collapse in the mid-century in parallel with the Roman Empire, the city maintained open until those days the city has lost the quality of the Emperor Caracalla in the walls and turned around. The capital of the Roman Empire, Byzantium (Istanbul) moved, and the capital city of Ankara, the increased importance of the roads to the east.
4. century with the spread of Christianity in Ankara was an important religious center. A.D. In 395 the Roman Empire divided into two Ankara, the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) remained within the limits. 10. century Eastern Roman cities such as Ankara, the other the development of the money economy, a key central feature of the economic structure of an organized won. During this period, the basic elements of the city plan, thick walls protect the city against enemy attacks, the agora and the church in which the function of the market place.
Ankara Eastern Roman domination was interrupted from time to time. A.D. In 654, Muslim Arabs have seized control of the city for a short time. Between 833 and 842 the Abbasid Caliph Mu'tasim and briefly seized the Turkish commander Afşin Ankara. Christians in 871 Pavlikian sect seized control of the city for about a year. It then cuts back to the city every time the Byzantines were provided by the authority.
The Ottoman Empire
Ankara into the hands of the Great Seljuk Empire, coincides with the year 1073 after the Battle of Manzikert. 12. and 13 showing the development of transit trade in an effort Seljuk Sultans centuries, Ankara, before the Ani, and then connected to the Ottoman Empire 1304'te given the relative autonomy. I. Murat strictly connected to the city of the Ottoman Empire, Timurid Empire ruler Tamerlane the Great in 1402 with the Battle of Ankara between Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. Decrease in depreciation as a result of the war Bayezid and Timur captured the Ottoman Empire entered a period of Interregnum so-called crisis and power vacuum. Battle of Ankara in the city and the surrounding area has been largely destroyed, re-establishing the unity of Anatolia II. Murat, the city repaired again. Removed and replaced with the State Board of Anatolian provinces in 1841 the city became a province. Ankara, Corum, Yozgat, Kayseri and Kirsehir flags attached to this province. Ankara Province, in 1922, continued with the presence of.
Towards the end of Ottoman rule lasted for 3 days in Ankara in 1917, a big fire and the fire resulted in the burning of the household until 1900.
The fact that the War of Independence and the capital
Mustafa Kemal, after the signing of the Armistice Armistice Agreement, the Sultan VI. April 30, 1919 by Mehmet 9 Army Inspector appointed. May 19, 1919 Rafet Bey (Bele), Kazim Bey (Dirik), 'MONTHLY' Mehmet Arif Bey and Husrev-Bey (Gerede) together with came to Samsun.
Anatolia and Erzurum and Sivas Congress issued the Amasya Circular Basin and regulating Mustafa Kemal, Istanbul, Turkey Amasya Protocol signed with the Government. This protocol has been opened Parliament were on. Mustafa Kemal, in order to follow more closely the work of the parliament in Ankara on 27 December 1919 has been.
Among the reasons to have this place to Ankara railway network, is not occupied by the Allies, there is a central location and proximity to the Western Front as the reasons have been effective. Parliament on January 28, 1920, unanimously adopted a Misakımillî'yi. On top of that occupied Istanbul and the council closed. Mustafa Kemal, 19 March 1920, sent a circular to the provinces, and the corps commanders, and announced the opening of the parliament in Ankara, extraordinary. Parliament was opened on 23 April 1920, and the government after the elections. Parliament ruled that Turkish War of Independence, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed after the war was won, and the first Parliament has decided to choose from and the location II. Left to Parliament. Revolution also known as the Assembly has declared the capital of Ankara on October 13, 1923, this Parliament.
Geography
Ankara, Kırıkkale Province in the east and subdivision Bahsili connected, depending on the northeast province of Ankara Kalecik, depending on the province of the north Çankırı Sabanozu, and depending on the province of Ankara, Kizilcahamam, depending on the northwest and west Gudul and Beypazarı Ankara Province in the south of Ankara depending on the province of Polatlı and Haymana, adjacent to the south-east of Bala connected to the Ankara province.
Ankara stream tributary of the Sakarya River, passes through the center of the city. This river, on the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan I. There are built in time lacinia Akköprü.
Climate
In general, Ankara has a continental climate, winters are cold and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. Mevsimindedir the spring rains too. The duration of snow per 62 days. Day and night, summer and winter seasons are the differences between the major temperature. The hottest months are July (average 23.4 ° C) and August (average 23.9 ° C), the coldest months are January (average 0.6 ° C) and February (average 1 ° C), respectively.
Tourism
In 2001, 208 101 foreigners entered in Ankara. 40 403 people deployed in the most tourist months in July, at least 9099 people tourists came in November.
To increase the number of tourists followed a policy convention and leisure tourism oriented. To do this, a congress palace and the Lower Clay Soil-Ballıkuyumcu'da Yenimahalle planned to establish a Disneyland.
Around 3 million m² will be held at Disneyland made $ 1 billion is expected to cost a. Disneyland, which will last at least a few years of construction in Turkey, as well as the usual Disney characters and heroes of Turkish motifs from the world is thought to be the place. The target audience were the peoples of the Middle East and Western Europe.
Atatürk Forest Farm
Atatürk Forest Farm, Zoo, Atatürk's house, picnic area, and consists of a natural park. The most important of these are as follows:
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations: Atpazari district, south-east of Ankara Citadel, the outer wall is in two Ottoman buildings. One of these structures Mahmut Paşa Bazaar, and the other leaded Han. Anatolia works of archaeological exhibits and museums of the world are placed in a museum.
Ethnographic Museum: Previously, the planned structure of the Archaeological museum later agreed to the establishment of Painting and Sculpture Museum, the Mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's grave until the stored here.
Ankara State Art and Sculpture Museum: Museums, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the directives on projected by architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu, Türkocağı was built in 1927. On April 2, 1980 by President Fahri Korutürk was inaugurated as a museum.
War of Independence Museum: I. The Parliament building, the museum. April 23, 1961 "Museum of Grand National Assembly of Turkey as" opened to the public. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's 100th birth anniversary with a celebration in 1981, the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums-issued as a result of the restoration and exhibition on April 23, 1981 "War of Independence Museum as" re-opened to the public.
Museum of the Republic: II. The Parliament building, the museum. The museum reflects the period of the President of the first three events, in their own words, photos, personal items and some of the decisions and laws in the parliament on display.
Ataturk's Mausoleum: The museum is located at the tomb of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Museum consists of four parts: The first part of Atatürk's personal effects, and the second section panorama of the Battle of Gallipoli, the third section panorama of the Battle of Sakarya War and Commander in Chief, pictures and descriptions that Atatürk's reforms introduced in the fourth chapter, enriched with reliefs include a vaulted corridor.
Monuments and Sculptures
There are many monuments and sculpture in Ankara. Atatürk Atatürk and the Marshal of the most important equestrian monuments district of Ulus, was built in 1927 by Pietro Canonica.
Another statue on the Victory Monument in Ulus, in 1927, by Heinrich Krippel.
Important monuments Güvenpark Monument, built by Anton Hanak and Joseph and Red Crescent Square is located Thorak. Inauguration of the statue was built in 1935. This monument is also called the Statue of security or safety.
Contemporary monuments Statue of Hittite sun, and Medic Square, made by Nusret Suman placed. Opening in 1978, were made. Jørgen Haugen Sørensen made by Taşankara and Sakarya Caddesi is placed. Opening in 1992, were made.
Archaeological Sites
There are many archaeological sites in Ankara. The most important Roman Baths, Nation Square, Yildirim Beyazit Square is located on the street from the Çankırı, 3 century Roman Emperor Caracalla, the son of Septimius Severus made by the Health on behalf of the god Asclepius. Another important building, the Temple of Augustus, in Ulus, the Haci Bayram Mosque next door. Originally the 2nd The temple is built in the name of the Phrygian god Men century, was destroyed over time. Today the ruins of the temple of the son of the last king of Galatia Pilamenes Amintos'un by the ruler of the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar Divi FILIUS a commitment on behalf of the token to be built. Vestal Virgins, the documents before the death of Augustus four Monumentum Ancyranum (Ankara Monument) and Resgestae (Inscription) was known as. This stone inscription in the temple, the world's longest and sound the Latin inscription.
Column of Julian of the Romans, is located in Ulus. Emperor of the Roman Empire in 362 milk was erected in honor of Julian's visit to Ankara. Column of Julian, also known as Belkis Minaret.
Which is the most important structure in the city of Seljuk Akköprü, Fatih district is located in the neighborhood of Assets. Bridge the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan I. Lacinia was built on time.
Contemporary Structures
Atakule, Çankaya Jinnah Avenue and the intersection of Cankaya Street, is located in Zübeyde Female Square. Presidential and Prime Minister's residences nearby. This business center, being named the capital of Ankara 66 anniversary of October 13 was opened in 1989. Ankara is the first, the second shopping mall in Turkey Atakule, revolving restaurant at the top of the tower has a height of 125 m.
The construction was started in 1967 Kocatepe Mosque Kocatepe Çankaya district and was completed in 1987. There are four minarets 88 m in length. The main space with a central dome resting on four pillars consist of four half-domes.
Another important mosque in the period of the Republic of the Maltepe Mosque, located in Cankaya. Ottoman Architecture Architecture regard to the latter resembles a mosque, has a green dome. Width 20 m, height 20 m height 30 m, Maltepe Mosque, was built in white stone and brick. The mosque has two minarets 50 meters in height a balcony. Minaret minaret balcony with stairs to exit 142.
Armada, 133 m high, 33-storey business center. 4 In 2002, the building opened September 28 floor, the other floors of the shopping center of the structure in the form of studio apartments, cottages are situated. With the antenna height of 140 m.
Festivals
There are many festivities traditionally brought into the city. One of the important organizations in the field of cinema in Ankara, Ankara International Film Festival. Since 1998, the festival, documentary, feature film and short film competitions hosts. Approximately 17 awards are distributed.
Important in the field of theater festivals, Social Research carried out since 1996 by the Foundation for Culture and Arts International Ankara Theatre Festival. In addition, since 1983 in Ankara, Ankara, Ankara International Music Festival and the Jazz Festival since 1996 is carried out.
Universities
Part of universities in Ankara, Turkey, a part of Europe and the world's most important universities are shown.
In addition, the population of Ankara, six years and over 442 315 'at least one university degree, 44 598' i graduate degree, 16 239 'East of the doctoral degree.
Teaching in universities in Ankara are as follows: State: Ankara University, Gazi University, Hacettepe University, Middle East Technical University, Yildirim Beyazit University
Special: The Breakthrough University, Capital University, Bilkent University, Ankara Cankaya University, TED University, TOBB Economics and Technology University, Turgut Ozal University, the University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Ufuk University, Golden Boll University, Sage University, TED University.
First Class serving officer meets the needs of the Turkish Armed Forces and was established in Istanbul in 1834 under the name School-i-War Military Academy, in 1936, moved to Ankara. Since 1991, four years of military training, as well as system engineering has been teaching at the undergraduate level.
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